Nematology: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Revised & Enlarged Edition

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2ND REVISED & ENLARGED EDITION
NEMATOLOGY , FUNDAMENTALS & APPLICATIONS
The book is intended as a text book for undergraduate students of agriculture and post graduates specializing on Nematology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Entomology. This book covers all aspects of Plant Nematology which includes an introduction covering the importance of nematodes in Agriculture and Horticulture, estimated loss due to the damage of nematodes.
The book provides a brief account of historical background including the developments in India and abroad. Morphology and taxonomy are dealt in detail covering general morphology, structural and functional aspects of nematode morphology with vivid diagrams. Nematological techniques are dealt in detail with suitable diagrams. Anatomy and Physiology of plant parasitic nematodes have been elaborately covered with details of digestive, reproductive, excretory and nervous system with appropriate diagrams.
The nematode classification based on their feeding habits and interactions of nematodes with microorganisms viz., fungus, bacteria and virus has been provided. Nematode management in important agricultural and horticultural crops with photographs of root and foliar symptoms are dealt in detail.
Exclusive chapter on all the methods of management like regulatory, physical, chemical, cultural, biological and host plant resistance are provided. The book also provides a brief account of Entamopathogenic nematode and also on the nematode Caenorhabitis elegans which is being used as a biological model in most of the biological research as on today. Appropriate examples schematic diagrams, pictorial keys and glossary are used to describe nematode taxonomy, biology and life cycle. In this revised edition all the information have been updated with appropriate information with suitable pictures.

Foreword

Nematodes are a primitive group of invertebrates, most diversified and highly developed pseudocoelomate group of animals. Nematodes can live under varied conditions; they are known to occur where ever life can exist: from arctic to tropics and from mountains to oceans. They may be free living in soil or water (fresh, marine and brackish) or may live as parasites on animals, human beings and plants. Caenorhabditis elegans, a free living transparent nematode in temperate soils is the model organism for studies on developmental biology, worldwide. C. elegans is the first multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced.
Plant parasitic nematodes are a complex, diverse group of micro round worms that occur in all environments. Plant parasitic nematodes are recognized as serious pests on crop plants in recent years. Comprehensive research effort on plant parasitic nematodes was initiated in late 1950’s in our country. Reports on the molya disease of wheat and barley in Rajasthan in 1958, occurrence of potato cyst nematode in 1961 in the Nilgiri hills and endemics of root- knot nematode damage in wide variety of crops underscore the seriousness of nematode pests. The damage caused by nematodes is often overlooked and confused with nutritional disorders, since the symptoms are not explicit unlike that of insect pests and pathogens.
Realizing the importance of nematodes as limiting factors in agricultural production, Agricultural Nematology was included in the curriculum at the undergraduate level in many Agricultural Universities. A separate department for Plant Nematology was started in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Coimbatore during the year 1981 with the objectives to pursue research, education and extension activities related to Nematology. Nematology is also widely covered in revised syllabus of Zoology by UGC governed colleges. There is a paucity of text books in Nematology for undergraduate students. This book entitled “Nematology Fundamentals and Applications” is designed as a text book, to give a comprehensive account of all essential aspects of Nematology. This book will surely serve as an eye opener for students of Nematology, Zoology and Molecular biology. It will enable them to understand
the biology of nematodes besides generating interest among young scientists, Elaborate coverage on nematode pests of important crop plants should serve as a helpful reference to all agricultural technicians and extension functionaries to identify and suggest appropriate recommendation for the management of the nematodes in the field level.
I am confident that this book will serve as a vade-mecum for Nematologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Plant Protection workers. I appreciate the efforts taken by Dr. E. I. Jonathan, Director, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, TNAU, Coimbatore to compile this book.
-sd-
(P. Murugesa Boopathi)
Vice Chancellor

Preface

Nematodes are a complex, diverse group of round worms that occur worldwide in essentially all the environments. Plant parasitic nematodes are recognized as serious pests of crop plants in recent years. The world-wide annual crop loss due to these obligate parasites have been estimated as $ 78 billion. The damage caused by nematodes are often overlooked. They are hidden enemies and the associated symptoms can also be attributed to nutritional and water related disorders. The epidemics of sugarbeet sickness due to cyst nematode, yellow disease of black pepper, molya disease on wheat and barley, the ear-cockle disease on wheat and others have led to the recognition of the science Plant Nematology as an important branch of Agricultural Sciences. The recognition of nematodes as serious deterrents to crop productivity was felt in India only in the 1961, when Dr. Jones from Germany reported the menace of potato cyst problems were identified in important crop plants. Compared to other disciplines of crop protection, Plant Nematology is the youngest deserving tremendous support to strengthen the discipline.
The Department of Nematology at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore has been in the forefront and has provided leadership in strengthening the discipline of Nematology in the country. Recently, Nematology has been included in the curriculum of few Agricultural Universities in India and as such, there is a paucity of text book in Nematology to cater the needs of students. In this direction, a sincere attempt has been made to bring out a comprehensive text book dealing with the relevant aspects of the subject, Agricultural Nematology.
This book has been written as a text book primarily keeping in view of the requirements of undergraduate students of agriculture, horticulture and post-graduates specializing on Nematology and Entomology dealing with plant parasitic nematodes. This book provides a brief account of historical background including the developments in India and abroad, details of morphology, anatomy and taxonomy of plant parasitic nematodes, relevant nematological techniques and focus on nematode problems in important agricultural and horticultural crop and their management.
The book also provides a brief account of Caenorhabditis elegans which is being used as a biological model in most of the biological research. The book will also be useful to those who are preparing for competitive examinations conducted by various central and state government agencies for recruitment Every attempt has been made to provide necessary information from the view point of students dealing biological sciences.
The help rendered by Miss. S.Santhi, Assistant Professor, Agricultural Entomology and N.Nivetha, Assistant Professor, Agricultural Entomology. The Indian Agriculture College, Radhapuram in assisting the proof correction is gratefully acknowledged.
Place: Tamil Nadu
Date: 31.07.2022
(Author)

Contents

       Foreword
       Preface
      Glossary
      1. Introduction
     2. History of Plant Nematology
     3. Morphology and Anatomy of Nematodes
    4. Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
    5. Taxonomy of Plant Parasitic NematodeS
    6. Nematological Techniques
    7. Classification of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Based on Their                   Feeding Habit
    8. Nematode Disease Symptoms on Crop Plants
    9. Interaction of Nematodes with Microorganism
    10. Nematode Pests of Field Crops
    11. Nematode Pests of Fruit Crops
    12. Nematode Pests of Vegetable Crops
    13. Nematode Pests of Commercial Flower Crops
    14. Nematode Pests of Spice and Plantation Crops
    15. Nematode Control
    16. Entomophilic Nematodes
    17. Caenorhabditis Elegans as a Biological Model System
     Selected References
     Model Questions
    Colour Plates
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